Medical Physics

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Unit II RADIOACTIVITY Lecture Notes


Syllabus

Anna University Chennai -BIO MEDICAL ENGINEERING
BM 2201 MEDICAL PHYSICS

UNIT I Electromagnetic spectrum and its medical application

Light - Physics of light, Intensity of light, limits of Vision and color vision Sound -Physics of sound , Normal sound levels – Ultrasound fundamentals- Generation of ultrasound ( Ultrasound Transducer) – Interaction of Ultrasound with Materials-Reflection and Refraction – Absorption and Scattering Non- ionizing Electromagnetic Radiation. Tissue as a leaky dielectric – Relaxation Processes – Overview of non – ionizing
radiation effects -Low Frequency Effect – Higher frequency effect.

UNIT II  Radioactive Decay
 Spontaneous Emission – Isomeric Transition - Gamma ray -emission, alpha, beta, positron decay, electron capture Principles of Nuclear Physics- Natural radioactivity, Decay series,Half life period, type of radiation and their applications. Production of radionuclides – Cyclotron produced Radionuclide -Reactor produced Radionuclide – fission and electron Capture reaction, Radionuclide Generator – Milking Process - Linear accelerator , Radionuclide used in Medicine and technology.

UNIT III INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER
Interaction of charged particles with matter – Specific ionization , linear energy Transfer Range, Bremsstrahlung , Annihilation Interaction of Gamma radiations with matter – Photoelectric effect, Compton Scattering , pair Production, Attenuation of Gamma Radiation, Interaction of neuron with matter

UNIT IV PHYSICS OF CARDIOPULMONARY SYSTEM
The Airways, - blood and lung interaction – measurement of lung volume – pressure air flow volume relation ships of lungs – physics of alveoli – the breathing mechanism –Major components of cardiovascular system – O2 and CO2 exchange in the capillary system – Physical activity of heart – transmural pressure – Bernolli’s principles applied to cardiovascular system - Blood flow – laminar and turbulent

UNIT V RADIATION EFFECTS
Acute Radiation Effects - The concept of LD 50 – Radiation syndromes- Central nervous system syndrome - Gastro-intestinal syndrome –Bone Marrow syndrome Delayed Effects of Radiation - Stochastic and Deterministic effects – Late Deterministic effect in different organs and tissues.

TEXT BOOKS

1. B.H Brown , PV Law ford, R H Small wood , D R Hose , D C Barber , “Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering”, CRC Press, 1999.
2. Gopal B.Saha “Physics and Radiobiology of Nuclear Medicine” Springer, 3rd ed, 2006.



ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI
B.E/B.Tech. Degree Examination, April/May 2010
Third Semester
BM 2201 MEDICAL PHYSICS
Part A (10 x 2 = 20marks)

  1. What are cystoscopes and proctoscopes?
  2. What is the wavelength of 1000 Hz sound wave if velocity in water is 1480m/sec.
  3. Explain electron capture with an example.
  4. Name any two radio nuclei, which are used in medicine, and for what purpose is it used?
  5. Write any two simple rules which govern the probability of a photoelectric reaction.
  6. Explain the term “ Linear energy transfer range”
  7. List any two functions of breathing mechanism.
  8. What causes a blue baby?
  9. What is bone marrow syndrome?
  10. What does LD 50 means?

Part B (5x 16 = 80 )

  1. a. Discuss the various applications of Ultraviolet and IR light in medicine.
OR
            b. Describe how ultrasound interacts with materials emphasizing on biological
                impedance .
  1. a. What is half life period? Explain alpha, beta, and positron decay.
OR
            b. Give a detailed account on “Milking Process ”with its decay scheme.

  1. a. Explain the different interaction mechanisms of gamma radiation with Matter.
                                                            OR
            b. Give an account on interaction mechanism of neutron with matter and how to account for it.
  1. a. Give the Physics of alveoli and explain the breathing mechanism.
OR
            b. Explain the major components of cardiovascular system and discuss how 
                O2 and CO2 diffuse through tissue.
  1. a. Discuss the acute radiation effect and explain gastro-intestinal syndrome.
OR
            b. Describe delayed effects of radiation and explain the deterministic effect in
                different organs.


    
B.E/B.Tech. Degree Examination, November /December 2009
Third Semester
BM 2201 MEDICAL PHYSICS
Part A (10 x 2 = 20marks)

  1. What are the effects that limit the current that can be safely injected into the body?
  2. What is the Q of an ultrasound transducer and its significance?
  3. What is the distinction between radioisotope and radionuclide?
  4. Determine the decay constant of 1 g of pure potassium 40Kthat is experimentally determined to emit 105 beta rays /sec.(given avagadro’s number = 6.02 x 1023)
  5. Explain the mechanism of production of Bremmstrahlung radiation.
  6. What are the components of the attenuation coefficient at energies below 1.02 Mev?
  7. State the changes that occur to the tissue during despiration.
  8. Why can arteries with small diameters have thinner walls than arteries with large diameter carrying blood at the same pressure?
  9. What does LD 50 means?
  10. What are the most radiosensitive tissues in mammals?

Part B (5x 16 = 80 )

  1. a. i. Derive the Rayleigh reflection coefficient and state it’s significance.
          ii. Describe the various types of interaction of ultrasound with the tissues.
OR
            b. Describe in detail the low (.01 Hz to 100 KHz) and high frequency (>100
                Hz)dependent effect to tissues?
  1. a.i. Describe the commonly used radio nuclides and state their applications.
   ii. Describe the production of 99m Tc using the milking process.
OR
            b.i. Explain the basic characteristic of radioactivity and its decay
                  characterisation with examples.
               ii. Describe the production of radioisotopes using Cyclotrons.

  1. a. Describe neutron, proton and alpha particle induced reactions with examples
          and possible applications in medicine.
                                                            OR
            b. i. Describe the photoelectric absorption and Compton effect.
                ii.Derive an expression for the change in wavelength due to Compton effect.
  1. a. Describe the lung capacity and ventilation in detail with various factors
          which influence the respiratory system.
OR
            b. i. Describe the technique to measure the flow of air volume into the lungs.
                ii. Describe the laminar and turbulent blood flow and name two
                   physiological conditions under which turbulent flow might arise in the
                   body.
  1. a. i. Explain the acute radiation syndrome.
   ii. Describe in detail the principal syndromes that can occur after acute
       whole body radiation exposure. .

OR
            b.i. What are the stachostic and determine effects due to radiation? Explain.
               ii. Explain in detail the deterministic effect in various tissues in humans.



 UNIT I Electromagnetic spectrum and its medical application






Basic Physics of Ultrasonographic Imaging Summary:


Publisher: World Health Organisation | English | PDF | 2005 | 100 pages | ISBN: 9241592990 | 5.95 MB

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